| The Dutch, French, and Italian Empires, and the Results of Imperialism |
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I. Dutch empirea. Dutch East Indies i. Conquered and controlled beginning in the 16th century by the Dutch East India Company ii. Territory of the Netherlands, 1800-1942 iii. 575,ooo square miles iv. Borneo, Celebes, Indonesia, Java, Sumatra, West New Guinea b. Indonesian independence i. Nationalists led by Achmed Sukarno ii. Movement followed Japanese invasion (World War II) iii. Independent, 1949 iv. Indonesians took over Dutch property and forced the Dutch to leave, 1957 v. United Nations gave Netherlands (Dutch) New Guinea to Indonesia II. French empire a. Geography i. Second in size to the British empire – 4,500,000 square miles ii. Africa - Algeria, Equatorial Africa, the French Cameroons, Morocco, Tunis, West Africa iii. Asia - Indo-China iv. Americas - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Pierre et Miquelon v. Pacific - New Caledonia, New Hebrides b. French Community - Communauté française i. Established in the constitution of the Fifth Republic (1958) ii. Nations independent in 1960 - organization defunct by 1970s c. Morocco i. 1953 - France deposed the sultan ii. 1955 - sultan returned to power iii. 1956 - independent d. Tunisia i. 1955 - granted self-government ii. 1956 - independent iii. 1957 - became a republic e. Indo-China i. Modern Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam ii. Guerrilla warfare waged by communist-backed nationalists iii. 1950 - self-rule iv. 1955 - Cambodia and Laos withdrew from French Union v. 1955 - Vietnam divided at 17th parallel 1. North - communist - led by Ho Chi Minh 2. 1959-1975 (or 1945-1975) - Vietnam War a. Fought between North Vietnam (Vietcong with Chinese support) and South Vietnam (backed by United States and members of SEATO) b. North Vietnamese won c. Today - one united country - Vietnam f. Algeria i. 1954-1962 - fought for independence ii. March, 1962 - ceasefire iii.July, 1962 - independent g. French Guiana i. 1958 – voted for its independence and joined the United Nations h. Togoland and Cameroon i. French held trusteeships from League of Nations (after WWI) and United Nations (after WWII) ii. Independent in 1960 iii. Did not join the French Community iv. Joined the United Nations i. Malagasy and Mali i.1960 - free states ii. Joined the soon-defunct French Community III. Italian empire a. Libya i. Won from Turkey by war in 1912 ii. Independent, 1951 b. Ethiopia i. Conquered, 1936 ii. Independent, 1941 c. Eritrea i. 1890 - acquired as an Italian colony ii. 1941-1951- controlled by the British under United Nations mandate iii. 1962 - officially annexed by Ethiopia iv. 1993 - independent country d. Somaliland i. 1889 and on - acquired by treaties ii. After World War II - United Nations trusteeship iii. 1960 - independent as Somalia IV. Results of imperialism - for the "mother" country a. Positives/Pros i. Increased industrial productivity from investments ii. Profits from trade iii. New drugs (e.g., quinine) and products from colonies b. Negatives/Cons i. Wars - against both natives and competing imperial powers ii. Expense of maintaining large military and naval forces iii. Hatred and resentment from native peoples V.Results of imperialism - for the colonized a. Positives/Pros i. Natural resources developed ii. Industrialization iii. Raised standards of living iv. Improvements in education, medical care, and sanitation v. Nationalism developed vi. Exposure to new ideas b. Negatives/Cons i. Natural resources developed for benefit of mother country ii. Native labor poorly paid and often mistreated iii. Destruction of native cultures and languages iv. Western diseases, vices, and other problems v. Racism vi. Discouragement of native industries that might compete with the imperial power vii. Lack of self-government and democracy VI. Review questions a. What company controlled the Dutch East Indies prior to 1800? b. What sparked the movement for Indonesian independence? c. What European country controlled the world's second-largest empire? d. Summarize the events of the Vietnam War. e. Describe the colonization and independence of Ethiopia and Eritrea. f. Describe the pros and cons of imperialism for a colonized nation. g. Many now-independent colonies hold deep resentment toward their former imperial powers, while others have close working relationships (particularly members of the Commonwealth). How might you explain these different attitudes and feelings? Click here to print. Click here for a PowerPoint version of this outline. |
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